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Heart and blood pressure: blood sugar

Blood sugar, insulin and diabetes risk. What people try, how far the research on each has got, and the products that contain them.

What people try

4Drinking less alcoholStage 4 · Widely recommended · FreeDrinking less alcohol means cutting back on how much you drink, which is better for health than drinking more.Main risk: Taking aspirin and drinking raises the risk of stomach or intestinal bleeding.4Knowing and controlling your blood pressureStage 4 · Widely recommended · Checks at doctors' offices and pharmacies; treatment by prescriptionHigh blood pressure, also called hypertension, is a key risk factor for heart disease and stroke, and it can be measured and managed.Main risk: Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and congestive heart failure.4Too much sittingStage 4 · Widely recommended · FreeToo much sitting means long periods of low-energy time spent sitting, reclining or lying while awake.Main risk: Adults who sit a lot are linked to higher rates of death from any cause, heart disease and cancer.4Healthy eating patterns (Mediterranean, DASH, whole foods)Stage 4 · Widely recommended · Free; a change in eatingThe Mediterranean diet is a plant-focused eating plan based on the traditional foods and cooking methods of the Mediterranean region.Main risk: It says people may have lower iron levels.4Home blood pressure monitorsStage 4 · Widely recommended · Over the counter at pharmacies and onlineHome blood pressure monitoring means people measure their own blood pressure outside a clinic, using a home device.Main risk: Home monitors might not always be correct, and they do not replace medical visits.4GLP-1 drugsStage 4 · Widely recommended · PrescriptionGLP-1 drugs are a class of medicines used to treat type 2 diabetes by lowering blood sugar, and some are used for weight loss in people with obesity.Main risk: The semaglutide page warns that it may raise the risk of thyroid tumors, including a type of thyroid cancer.4MetforminStage 4 · Widely recommended · Prescription, approved for diabetesMetformin belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides.Main risk: Metformin may rarely cause a serious, life-threatening condition called lactic acidosis.4ExerciseStage 4 · Widely recommended · Free, for almost everyoneExercise is anything that gets your body moving.Main risk: Using weight machines improperly can cause back injury.4Ultra-processed foodStage 4 · Widely recommended · Free; a change in eatingUltra-processed foods are tasty, convenient foods that often contain little to no whole foods and use ingredients not found in home kitchens.Main risk: Eating a lot of these foods has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease and other serious health problems.3Calorie restriction and fastingStage 3 · Large studies in people · Free; a change in eatingCalorie restriction means eating fewer calories than usual without missing key nutrients, while fasting diets limit when or how much a person eats.Main risk: The NIA says too many ketones in the blood (chemicals made from burning fat) can have harmful health effects.3BerberineStage 3 · Large studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementBerberine is a substance found in several plants, such as goldenseal, barberry, and Oregon grape.Main risk: Berberine has been linked to a harmful buildup of bilirubin in infants, which can cause brain damage.3Omega-3 fatty acidsStage 3 · Large studies in people · Food, supplements and a prescription formMost research has focused on two omega-3s called EPA and DHA.Main risk: The pages say side effects are usually mild, such as unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, and diarrhea.3Testosterone therapyStage 3 · Large studies in people · PrescriptionTestosterone therapy uses man-made testosterone to treat low testosterone, and it can be given as a pill, gel, patch, injection, or implant.Main risk: The page lists several risks of this therapy, including infertility, an enlarged prostate, blood clots, and worsening heart disease.3Protein supplementsStage 3 · Large studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementProtein is one of the more common ingredients in supplements sold to improve exercise and athletic performance.Main risk: The page says high protein intakes seem quite safe, but more than the recommended amounts gives no benefit.2Continuous glucose monitorsStage 2 · Small studies in people · Some over the counter; others by prescriptionA continuous glucose monitor is a device that measures blood sugar every few minutes using a sensor placed under the skin.Main risk: Continuous glucose monitors are described as sometimes still needing a regular meter to confirm results and set up the device.2Vitamin B12Stage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplement; injections by prescriptionVitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA.Main risk: The pages stress that vitamin B12 is generally considered safe, even at high doses, because the body does not store excess amounts.2RapamycinStage 2 · Small studies in people · Prescription, used off-label for agingRapamycin, also called sirolimus, is a prescription drug that suppresses the immune system and is used to prevent kidney transplant rejection.Main risk: The pages stress that it can make it harder to fight infections and raise the risk of serious infection.2ResveratrolStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementResveratrol is a chemical found in grapes, red wine, peanuts, pistachios, blueberries, and cranberries.Main risk: High doses can cause stomach and bowel side effects such as diarrhea.2QuercetinStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementQuercetin is a plant compound, called a bioflavonoid, that gives many plants their bright colors.Main risk: In a one-week trial in people with COPD, quercetin caused no severe side effects linked to the study drug, based on blood tests.2MagnesiumStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementMagnesium is a mineral the body needs, found in foods, supplements, and some medicines such as antacids and laxatives.Main risk: High doses from supplements or medicines often cause diarrhea, which can come with nausea and belly cramping.2NAD+ boostersStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementsNAD+ boosters are supplements, such as NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside and NMN, meant to raise levels of NAD+, a molecule in cells that declines with age.Main risk: A review of studies found all studies reported some side effects, most often muscle pain, nervous disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and headaches.2NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)Stage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementA molecule the body uses to make NAD+, which cells need to turn food into energy.Main risk: A review of studies found that oral NMN and NR (a related compound) were generally well tolerated over weeks to months in people.2Fiber supplementsStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementPsyllium is a bulk-forming fiber laxative used to treat constipation.Main risk: Psyllium powder accidentally breathed in while mixing a dose can cause allergic reactions.2Alpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)Stage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementA molecule the body makes while turning food into energy. Supplements usually use a calcium form, Ca-AKG.2CreatineStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementCreatine is a compound stored in your muscles that supplies them with energy.Main risk: Creatine can cause weight gain because it tends to make the body hold water, but it is otherwise considered safe for healthy adults.2FisetinStage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementFisetin is one of three flavonols that a review looked at for prostate and bladder cancer.Main risk: The review of injury studies reported no significant side effects from fisetin.2NR (nicotinamide riboside)Stage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementNR (nicotinamide riboside) is a compound that can raise levels of NAD+, a molecule in the body that declines with age.Main risk: A review of studies found oral NR was generally well tolerated over weeks to months.2Hyperbaric oxygen therapyStage 2 · Small studies in people · Hospitals and private clinicsHyperbaric oxygen therapy gives you pure oxygen in an enclosed space with higher than normal air pressure.Main risk: You might feel pressure in your ears, and they may pop afterward.2NAD+ IV and injectionsStage 2 · Small studies in people · Clinics and IV wellness centersNAD+ given by drip into a vein or by injection, instead of as a pill.2GlyNAC (glycine and NAC)Stage 2 · Small studies in people · Over-the-counter supplementsNAC is used as a drug for acetaminophen overdose and to help break up mucus.Main risk: The pages list stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and similar problems as the common side effects of NAC.2TesamorelinStage 2 · Small studies in people · Prescription, approved only for belly fat in HIVA lab-made version of GHRH, the brain hormone that tells the body to release growth hormone.2SermorelinStage 2 · Small studies in people · Prescription, made by compounding pharmaciesA lab-made copy of the first 29 building blocks of GHRH, the brain hormone that tells the body to release growth hormone.1MOTS-cStage 1 · Tested in animals only · Not approved; marketed onlineA small peptide made from instructions in the DNA of mitochondria, studied for how the body uses sugar and fat.1HumaninStage 1 · Tested in animals only · Not approved; studied in labsA small peptide made from instructions in the DNA of mitochondria, studied in cells and animals for protecting the brain with age.

Products

Sorted by the best research stage of each product's ingredients, then by price. The stage describes research on the ingredient, not proof that the product works.

Supplements 105

Nature Made · gummyMultivitamin for Men GummiesVitamin D, Vitamin B123 Ingredient research: large studies in people$9.79Nature Made · tabletVitamin B12 500 mcg TabletsVitamin B12, Calcium3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$10.69ProHealth Longevity · softgelPure Krill Oil Omega-3 - 500 mg, 60 softgelsOmega-3 fatty acids3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$18.74DoubleWoodBerberine SupplementBerberine3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$19.95Nordic NaturalsUltimate Omega 3 One DailyOmega-3 fatty acids3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$22.97ProHealth Longevity · capsuleBerberine Pro - 600 mg, 60 capsulesBerberine3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$29.95Life Extension · tabletBerberine 1000, 1000 mg, 60 tabletsBerberine3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$29.99Thorne · capsuleBasic Nutrients 2/Day - NSF Certified for SportVitamin B12, Vitamin D3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$40MomentousWhey Protein Isolate - Flavor SeriesProtein supplements3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$42.99Thorne · capsuleBerberine - 30 ServingsBerberine3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$44Thorne · softgelSuper EPA - NSF Certified for SportOmega-3 fatty acids3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$45Renue By ScienceBerberineBerberine3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$49.95Thorne · softgelOmega-3 with CoQ10CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10), Omega-3 fatty acids3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$55ProHealth Longevity · softgelExtra Strength Omega-3 Fish Oil - 120 softgelsOmega-3 fatty acids3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$59.95Transparent LabsGrass-Fed Whey Protein IsolateProtein supplements3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$64.99ThorneWhey Protein Isolate - VanillaProtein supplements3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$65Optimum Nutrition · powderGold Standard 100% Isolate Whey Protein powderProtein supplements3 Ingredient research: large studies in people$103.49Nature Made · tabletVitamin B12 Time Release 1000 mcg TabletsVitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$11.29Garden of LifeVitamin Code Raw B-12Vitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$13.29Nature Made · gummyVitamin B12 Extra Strength GummiesVitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$13.99Nature Made · tabletVitamin B12 3000 mcg Fast Dissolve TabletsVitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$14.29ProHealth Longevity · capsuleEssentials NMN 300 - Nexergy™ NMN - 300 mg, 30 capsulesNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$14.96Optimum Nutrition · powderMicronised Creatine PowderCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$14.99Optimum Nutrition · gummyCreatine [+]Creatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$16.99Nature Made · softgelVitamin B12 1000 mcg SoftgelsVitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$17.29ProHealth Longevity · capsuleNicotinamide Riboside + Pterostilbene - 30 capsulesNR (nicotinamide riboside), Pterostilbene2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$17.97DoubleWoodPsyllium Husk SupplementFiber supplements2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$19.95ProHealth Longevity · capsulePure Glycine - 1000 mg, 120 capsulesGlyNAC (glycine and NAC)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$19.95Optimum Nutrition · powderMicronized Creatine PowderCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$20.49Nature Made · capsuleHigh Absorption Magnesium Glycinate Capsules 200 mgMagnesium2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$21.99Nature Made · softgelVitamin B12 Maximum Strength 5000 mcg SoftgelsVitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$21.99ProHealth Longevity · capsulePure N-Acetyl Cysteine - 600 mg, 120 capsulesGlyNAC (glycine and NAC)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$22.95NOW Foods · capsulePsyllium Husk Caps 500 mg Veg CapsulesFiber supplements2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$23.09Doctor's Best · tabletDoctor's Best High Absorption Magnesium, 100 mg, 240 TabletsMagnesium2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$23.99ProHealth Longevity · capsuleEssentials NMN 500 - Nexergy™ NMN - 500 mg, 30 capsulesNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$24.95ProHealth Longevity · capsuleNicotinamide Riboside Pro 300 + 100 mg TMG - 30 capsulesNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$24.95ProHealth Longevity · powderCalcium AKG Longevity Powder - 100 gramsAlpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$24.98Vital ProteinsAdvanced Collagen Peptides + Creatine - UnflavoredCollagen peptides, Creatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$24.99ProHealth Longevity · capsuleNicotinamide Riboside Pro 500 + 250 mg TMG per serving - 60 capsulesNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$25.17ProHealth Longevity · capsuleCalcium AKG Longevity - 1,000 mg per serving, 60 capsulesAlpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$25.25Thorne · capsuleB-Complex #12Vitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$26Thorne · capsuleMagnesium Glycinate - 90 ServingsMagnesium2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$26Qualia · capsuleQualia NAD+Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$29Thorne · capsuleGlycineGlyNAC (glycine and NAC)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$31ProHealth Longevity · capsuleTrans-Resveratrol Plus - 1000 mg per serving, 60 capsulesResveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$31.08NOVOSNOVOS Boost - NMN Supplement to Boost NAD+ LevelsNAD+ boosters2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$32.08ProHealth Longevity · capsulePure Quercetin - 500 mg, 90 capsulesQuercetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$33.57Thorne · capsuleVitamin B12 - 90 ServingsVitamin B122 Ingredient research: small studies in people$34DoNotAge · capsulePure Quercetin SupplementQuercetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$35Elysium HealthSenolytic ComplexSenolytics, Quercetin, Fisetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$35ProHealth Longevity · capsuleNMNR™ Pro Synergy - 90 capsulesNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), NR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$35.95ThorneCreatine - Travel PacksCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$36ProHealth Longevity · capsuleFisetin Pro Longevity Plus - 60 capsulesFisetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$37ProHealth Longevity · capsuleGlycine + NAC PackGlyNAC (glycine and NAC)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$38.95Metamucil · powderFiber+ Vitamins C, D & B12 Sparkling Fiber PowderFiber supplements2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$39.39Qualia · capsuleQualia SenolyticFisetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$39.50ProHealth Longevity · capsuleEssentials NMN 1000 - Nexergy™ NMN - 1000 mg per serving, 60 capsulesNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$39.95Tru Niagen · capsuleTru Niagen® ImmuneNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$41Renue By ScienceResveratrolResveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$41.95MomentousCreatine - 90 ServingsCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$42.99ThorneCreatine - 90 ServingsCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$44Life Extension · capsuleNAD+ Cell Regenerator™ and Resveratrol Elite™NR (nicotinamide riboside), Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$45Thorne · capsuleQuercetin PhytosomeQuercetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$46Renue By ScienceQuercetinQuercetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$47.95Renue By ScienceCaAKGAlpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$48.95Tru Niagen · capsuleTru Niagen® 300mgNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$49Tru Niagen · capsuleTru Niagen® BeautyNR (nicotinamide riboside), Astaxanthin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$49ProHealth Longevity · powderLongevity Creatine Pure Powder - 450 gramsCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$49.95ProHealth Longevity · capsuleNicotinamide Riboside Pro Complete - 500 mg NR Hydrogen Malate + 500 mg Trans-Resveratrol + 100 mg TMG per serving, 60 capsulesNR (nicotinamide riboside), Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$49.95Thorne · capsuleBrain FactorsNAD+ boosters2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$51DoNotAge · capsulePure Resveratrol SupplementResveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$54Renue By Science · powderNMN PowderNAD+ boosters2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$54.95Renue By Science · powderNMN Pure PowderNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$54.95Renue By Science · tabletNMNs Fast Dissolve TabsNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$54.95ProHealth Longevity · capsuleLiposomal NMN Pro Complete™ - Lipo Uthever® NMN, Trans-Resveratrol, TMG, 90 capsulesNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$55.95ProHealth Longevity · capsulePure Fisetin - 250 mg, 60 capsulesFisetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$55.95Tru Niagen · stick packTru Niagen® 300mg Stick PacksNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$58Renue By Science · capsuleNMN SLC Enteric Capsules 200NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$58.95Tru Niagen · stick packNiagen NanoCloud™NR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$59ProHealth Longevity · powderLongevity Collagen Complete Powder - 690 gramsGlyNAC (glycine and NAC)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$59.95ProHealth Longevity · powderEssentials NMN Powder - Nexergy™ NMN - 100 gramsNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$59.96Thorne · capsuleResveraCelResveratrol, NR (nicotinamide riboside), Quercetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$60Thorne · capsuleNAC - N-Acetylcysteine - 180 ServingsGlyNAC (glycine and NAC)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$63Renue By ScienceNMN Resveratrol GelNAD+ boosters, Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$63.95Renue By ScienceFisetinFisetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$64.95Renue By Science · serumNMN - Comprehensive Support for Healthy NAD+ LevelsNAD+ boosters2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$64.95Renue By Science · capsuleNMN Liposomal CapsulesNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$64.95Elysium HealthBasisNR (nicotinamide riboside), Pterostilbene2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$65ThorneCollagen PlusNR (nicotinamide riboside), Collagen peptides2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$67ProHealth Longevity · capsuleNAD Triple Boost™  with NMN - 90 capsulesPterostilbene, Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$67.95ProHealth Longevity · capsuleRapid Reset Multi-Senolytic - 30 capsulesFisetin, Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$69.95Benefiber · powderBenefiber Original Powder Fiber SupplementFiber supplements2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$69.99Elysium HealthCreatine+Creatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$70Thorne · capsuleNiaCel® 400NR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$74DoNotAge · powderPure NMN SupplementNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$80ProHealth LongevityNMN Pro Complete™ - Uthever® NMN, Trans-Resveratrol, TMG - 75 gramsNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), Resveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$82.95ThorneCreatine - 180 ServingsCreatine2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$84Renue By Science · powderResveratrol Pure PowderResveratrol2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$84.95Tru Niagen · capsuleTru Niagen® 150mgNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$94DoNotAge · capsulePure Fisetin SupplementFisetin2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$95RejuvantRejuvant® LifeAKG for MenAlpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$99.95RejuvantRejuvant® LifeAKG for WomenAlpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$99.95Tru Niagen · capsuleTru Niagen® Pro 1,000mgNR (nicotinamide riboside)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$116Jinfiniti · powderNAD+ Powder Supplement With NMNNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$118Jinfiniti · lozengeSublingual NMN Lozenge: Chewable NAD+ BoosterNMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)2 Ingredient research: small studies in people$118

Devices 10

Recent research

See all the latest research →

What others are writing

Recent articles from health journalists, hospitals and universities. We link to them; we don't write or endorse them.

Cleveland Clinic · Sep 4, 2026

Magnesium for Sleep: Does It Really Work? ↗

Magnesium: The article says evidence that magnesium aids sleep is thin and more research is needed before routine recommendation.

health.harvard.edu · Julie Corliss · Aug 24, 2026

Testosterone therapy without evidence of deficiency may boost heart risk ↗

Testosterone therapy: A study found men using testosterone without low-testosterone diagnosis had higher heart problem and death risk than those treated for hypogonadism.

news.harvard.edu · Samantha Laine Perfas · Jun 17, 2026

A clearer picture of drinking and disease ↗

Drinking less alcohol: A new review finds some alcohol-related damage can be slowed or reversed by cutting down or quitting drinking.

hsph.harvard.edu · Maya Brownstein · Jun 2, 2026

Alcohol is the root of 62 diseases and a partial cause of dozens more ↗

Drinking less alcohol: The review finds alcohol causes dozens of diseases, and cutting down or quitting can slow or reverse many of them.

This is general information gathered from the sources listed, not medical advice. Talk to your doctor before starting anything new.