Factor structure of the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) among Zambian adults

The science

Original title

Factor structure of the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) among Zambian adults.

Authors

Kalungwana L, Heaton N, Briceno E et al.

Journal

NPJ dementia

Published

Oct 29, 2026

Study type

Study

PMID

42952904 ↗

DOI

10.1038/s44400-026-00142-3 ↗

Abstract

The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) has been widely used for dementia research among aging adults in low- and middle-income countries, where few specialists are available to diagnose and manage dementia. Yet, little is known about the psychometric validity of the participant interview, particularly among low-literacy individuals. We used factor analysis methods to assess and refine theoretically driven single- and multiple-factor structural models for the CSI-D participant interview using the population-based Zambian Cohort of Healthy Aging and Dementia (Z-CHAD) in Lusaka. Trained community healthcare workers administered the CSI-D participant interview to 734 adults (68% female, mean age 66.9 years, mean education 7 years). For the four domains of cognitive functioning identified (memory, orientation, language, and visuospatial), single-factor models had satisfactory fit after the removal of five items with low factor loadings. The second-order factor model had adequate fit (confirmatory fit index = 0.96, root mean square error of approximation= 0.03, standardized root mean square residual = 0.08). This factor structure of the CSI-D participant interview reasonably summarizes cognitive domain performance in this sample, yet there is a noticeable ceiling effect in items for orientation and language. Further, domains sensitive to dementia-related impairments, namely executive function, are not assessed.

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