What this means
Home- and community-based services (HCBS) enable adults living with disabilities to age in the community. In the United States, the primary payer of HCBS is Medicaid, which is primarily funded through 1915(c) waivers, but states increasingly rely on 1115 programs.
A plain-English summary is on its way. Until then, this is the start of the authors' own summary.
- Who it was tested in
- People
- Kind of research
- A study
The science
- Original title
- State Design and Use of Medicaid 1915(c) Waivers and Related Benefits to Provide Home- and Community-Based Services to Aging and Disabled Adults: The Medicaid HCBS Waiver Atlas.
- Authors
- Miller KEM, Kidu T, Babu VR et al.
- Journal
- Health services research
- Published
- Oct 26, 2026
- Study type
- Study · in humans
- PMID
- 42928484 ↗
Abstract
Background
Home- and community-based services (HCBS) enable adults living with disabilities to age in the community. In the United States, the primary payer of HCBS is Medicaid, which is primarily funded through 1915(c) waivers, but states increasingly rely on 1115 programs. Consequently, Medicaid HCBS programs vary significantly by state, yet little is known about how Medicaid HCBS program structures and generosity differ, which impedes rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of different HCBS programs. We introduce a dataset systematically capturing the Medicaid HCBS program features within and across states in the United States.
What they did
1115 demonstration (n = 145) and 1915(c) HCBS documentation of waivers serving adults 18+ with functional/cognitive disabilities (n = 1277).
What they found
The research community can use this novel dataset to exploit variation across states and conduct comparative effectiveness of Medicaid HCBS programs. Beyond older adults with disabilities, our methodological approach can be expanded to study Medicaid program characteristics across services.
Other details
We developed and validated an automated, systematic methodology to extract Medicaid HCBS program characteristics (2010-2024) using HTML parsing, plain-text extraction, vision-based optical character recognition, and large-language models. We adapted the policy epidemiological framework to incorporate aspects of the Curated Data Enterprise Framework to guide our dataset creation through inclusion of stakeholder engagement to identify key policy elements critical for evaluations that may be of interest to policymakers and researchers, and rigorous data validation and quality control checks. We successfully extracted data from 93% and 100% of 1915(c) and 1115 documents, respectively, to develop a dataset with metadata and documentation. From 1915(c) waivers, we extracted and described the prevalence of all available elements such as eligibility criteria, cost limits, target populations, service characteristics (e.g., type available, limitations of use/cost), self-direction, and so forth. From 1115 waivers, we extracted eligibility criteria, coverage of specific HCBS services (e.g., personal care), and managed care.
The authors' abstract, grouped under plain headings from its own section labels.
Miller KEM, Kidu T, Babu VR et al. State Design and Use of Medicaid 1915(c) Waivers and Related Benefits to Provide Home- and Community-Based Services to Aging and Disabled Adults: The Medicaid HCBS Waiver Atlas. Health services research. 2026. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.70176. PMID: 42928484. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42928484/